1200-1250
The revolution of domestication beginning around 11,500 years ago, involved both plants and animals.
- 4000 B.C.E., focused on the raising of livestock
- People learned to use milk, blood, wool, hides, and meat of their animals to occupy lands that could not support agricultural societies.
- Inner Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, in the Arabian and Saharan deserts.
- Pastoralism emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world.
-Pastoral peoples organized themselves in kinship-based groups or clans that claimed a common ancestry, usually through the male line.
Arabs, Berbers, Turks, and Mongols
- all of these of nomadic region
- Islam, derived a largely nomadic people
Mongol Empire
- came out from Mongolia in the 13th century.
- Mongols numbering about 700,000 people.
Temujin (1162-1227)
- Chinggis Khan (universal ruler)
- army was immense and large
- conquered many nations
- "I have accomplished a great work, " he declared, "uniting the whole world in one empire."
Mongols conquered:
China- 1209-1279
-took 70 years
Persia
- first invasion was led by Chinggis Khan 1219-1221
- second invasion was led by his grandson Hulegu 1251-1258
Russia
-1237-1240
- the conquest was massive. City after city fell to the Mongols. The conquest was greater than China and Persia put together.
- Put Russians into slavery.
The Plague: A Eurasian Pandemic
- plague or pestilence
- Black Death
-The disease was carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas to humans, the plague erupted in 1331 in northeastern China and by 1347 had reached Western Europe.
- one-thirds and two-thirds of the population died within a few years.
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